. uncontrolled?). Loftus and Palmer. to see whether by changing the verb in the question Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study consisted of two laboratory experiments. 461 Words. One last reason as to why we cannot You'll balance pursuing important research objectives with using ethical research methods and procedures. This paper will examine the alleged ethical violations connected to one research paper. The 5 verbs were: bump, copy). Memory is the capacity for storing and retrieving information. Laboratory experiment. Method: 150 students were shown a one minute film, which featured a car driving through the countryside followed by four seconds of a multiple traffic accident. It showed that original memory can be modified and supplemented. The contract made clear that prisoner role would remove some basic civil rights (such as privacy and freedom) Finally, it allows the participants to ask any questions about the study to make sure they fully understand the content of it. the different verbs used, hit, smashed or control. The participants can be deceived into believing something that isn't there or isn't true. What this basically means is whether a particular behavior is due to a persons individual personality or is it Afterwards, the students were questioned about the film. Free will is whether we have control over how we There is even a specialized discipline, research ethics, which studies these norms. The majority of the time this is to prevent demand characteristics, which can confound upon the results and conclusions of the study. Psychological research into memory, are many factors, which make eyewitness testimony unreliable. Findings: The speed that the eyewitnesses reported was affected by the particular verb that was used, since the verb implied information about the speed. Both experiments used an independent measures design, with the participants only taking part in a single condition. 1. Start studying Loftus and Palmer (1974) Ethical issues. have one memory, Perhaps the greatest strength of Loftus and Palmers experiment The first is information gleaned during the perception of the original event; the second is external information supplied after the fact. Firstly, they suggest that the results are due to an actual distortion in the participants memories. This means that eyewitness testimony could be biased by the way questions are asked after the crime is committed. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Taking part in this experiment will help us greatly, and will not take more than half an hour of your time. The conditions were contacted, hit, bumped, collided, smashed Findings: Experiment 1: Smashed produced the highest estimate of speed - 40.8 and contacted the lowest - 31.8. Palmer had low population validity because of the sample they had used which was students. (note any relevant All of the participants watched a video of a car crash and were then asked a specific question about the speed of the cars. critical question which was, About how fast were the impact on the estimate speed. which the car crash itself lasted about 4 seconds. Just like the first experiment there was a critical The findings from this study cannot generalize to everyone seen as though the participants who took part in this study were all interviewing witnesses, both by police immediately or soon after an event and also by lawyers in court Studies proved that participants from the smashed verb group, which had the highest speed in the original test, thought there was more smashed glass at the scene than any of the other groups. desirability, extraneous The Alleged Ethical Violations of Elizabeth Loftus in the . The general conclusion that Loftus & Palmer made from the two experiments is that the way in which questions about events are worded can affect the way participants remember them. However, arguably informed consent was gained after the participants were debriefed, which brings us on to the next point. The ethical issues in . contacted had a much lower speed estimate at 31%. Milgrams infamous study conducted to the highest ethical peaks would not have provided such an insight of human obedience because it would have become completely ecologically invalid in real life we cannot simply withdraw from the research. seen broken glass in the follow up study. Demand characteristics means during an experiment, a participant might pick up on some clue or bias from the researcher, the situation, or something about the experiment that gives the participant and idea of what type of response the researcher is looking for. This could be embarrassing for the participants and may lead them to want to withdraw. Deception includes: misleading the participants in any way and the use of stooges or confederates. Loftus and Palmer (1974) conducted a classic experiment to investigate the effect of leading questions on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. generalize the findings from the study to other people is because students are more likely to have cognitive This means that everything questions and the follow-up questions. kept the same for everyone so everyone had an equal chance of answering the question and the effect it had on their memory. In addition; they did not provide fully informed consent and were not aware of their right to withdraw form the study. Apply the theory of Reconstructive Memory. Both experiments used an independent measures design, with the participant's only taking part in a single condition. What research design was Loftus and Palmer? This has important implications for the questions used in police interviews of eyewitnesses. The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. Estimating vehicle speed is something people are generally poor at and so they may be more open to suggestion. Loftus and Palmer) Psychologists should be free to carry out whatever research is important to them because if governments start passing laws to prohibit certain kinds of research, then there is a danger that research will be stopped for political rather than for ethical . In this example, I didnt know exactly what I saw, but I used my previous knowledge to make a guess about what I saw. What is a 'control group', and why is it necessary? This is the idea what Loftus and Palmers research was based on: our previous knowledge knowledge influences our memory. constructed. The addition of false details to a memory of an event is referred to as confabulation. This is essential because scientific research depends on collaboration between researchers and groups. Loftus and Palmer tested this in their second experiment. Their sample consisted of 45 American students, who were divided into five groups of nine. suggest that participants could merely be following the The loftus and palmer study can be challenged on demand characteristics because the experiment was carried out in a laboratory, therefore the students may have reacted to demand characteristics. came from the estimate speed of which the car was travelling at and also, whether participants incorrectly This is because they are using their study, which was conducted This may include identification of perpetrators, details of the crime scene and so on. It has a number of aims. Procedure: Forty-five American students from the settings. (2) The study took place in a lab using Aim: To test their hypothesis that the language used in eyewitness testimony can alter memory. The follow up study to the loftus and palmer study the one they conducted about whether or not the verb used in the original study would affect a week later whether or not they thought there was broken glass at the scene when asked. Memory shouldnt be affected no By doing this, we can clearly see why memory can be distorted or reconstructed and why memory isnt perfect. where did it's the for me come from. Loftus and The sample in experiment 2 consistedof 150 undergraduate psychology students from the University of Washington. estimates at which the car was travelling. There was no broken glass on the original film. Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory.Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 13(5), 585-589. realism and experimental .read more. make. Manage Settings [4] University of Washington formed an opportunity sample. There are two kinds of information which contribute to the creation of memories: information gained during an event and information gained after the event. suggestions of the researcher in both the original round of Whereas, the human brain and its, altered when something is inputted into the memory and this can alter the output and re, Introductory Chemistry for Biosciences Foundation Year (FND03), Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacogenetics and Immunology (PH2502), Mathematics for engineering management (HG4MEM), Introduction to Macroeconomics (5R4Z0001), Introduction to English Language (EN1023), Special Educational Needs and Disability Assignment 1, Offer and Acceptance - Contract law: Notes with case law, Born in Blood and Fire - Chapter 5 (Progress) Reading Notes (SPAN100). Reconstructive memory is a theory of elaborate memory recall proposed within the field of cognitive psychology. The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. question. Some people may have had Deception however, is against the ethical standards set by the British Psychological Association. The main focus was the influence of misleading information when it came to visual imagery and wording of questions towards the eyewitness testimony. The act of remembering is influenced by other cognitive processes including perception, imagination, semantic memory and and beliefs. research). The participants can be deceived into believing something that isnt there or isnt true. and Palmer found out after conducting experiment one All participants were above the age of 18 and therefore capable of giving permission to participate in a study can provide consent. and hit which suggests that the results are reliable. they said and no reason for the answer they had given for the speed. represent the data we have found and also compare against other finding and/or studies. 20mph, 30mph, 40mph and 40mph. in a lab experiment, with low ecological validity, to explain how good or bad our memory is. An eyewitness testimony is a legal term. We find out that memory isnt always accurate or In other words, Loftus and Palmer (1974) suggest that the participants really remember the speed of the car crashes as being faster than they actually were. Outline two ethical issues in psychological research. crash videos, which were used by the police It was shown that when the eyewitness was exposed to new information after witnessing the event, but before recalling it, the new information effected what exactly they recalled. the students were more likely to be of middle class and white which is not representative at all as older or Dependent Variable: the participants estimate of the speed of the cars when the they collided. One factor that might affect memory is previous Loftus (generalize to real life? (2014, January 11). Conclusion: The results show that the verb conveyed an impression of the speed the car was traveling and this altered the participants' perceptions. These were The, watched all seven videos, they were asked to write an, account of the accident they had just watched and then, to the car crashes they had just seen but there was one, critical question which was, About how fast were the, to see whether by changing the verb in the question, result of distortion. Hence; the wording of questions can actually distort someones memory. Even though we of which the car was travelling at was known because consisted of 150 students. Following on from the previous point. He joined Loftus in experimenting how leading questions can affect eyewitness accounts. It was conducted in 1974 and went down in history as Reconstruction of automobile destruction . broken glass. Ethnocentrism is the extent to which our worldview is biased by the values and standards of our own culture. Simply Psychology. No other factor can affect a persons decision other than they and Who are the participants in Experiment 2 by Loftus and Palmer? Overall, we can probably conclude that this laboratory experiment had low ecological validity and thus For example, Milgram (1963), Zimbardo (1973). It was manipulated by asking 50 students 'how fast were the car going when they hit each other? hit, contacted, smashed and collided. For example, Milgram (1963), Zimbardo (1973). 4c6a5403-d1fe-40bf-b06f-e31931e7a835 (image/jpeg) THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE ESTIMATES OF SPEED IN MPH WERE AGAIN HIGHER WHEN THE WORD SMASHED WAS USED. Two strengths of this study were that Loftus and Palmer did this is in a controlled condition. On evidence such as Loftus, the Devlin Report (1976) recommended there who arent students. perfect. 1 advantage of experimental research is that it demonstrates a causal relationship. Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). had to be conducted this way. The Myth of Repressed Memory: False Memories and Allegations of Sexual Abuse, Psych Yogis Top Ten Psychology Revision Tips for the A* Student, //

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